Is Mental Illness a Risk Factor for Gun Violence? In counties where the duty to retreat exist, a non-aggressor has the duty to retreat from a threatening situation if he can do so with complete safety. In stand-your-ground states, you are legally allowed to use deadly force to defend yourself, regardless of whether the jury concludes that you could have safely avoided the risk of death etc. Laws 780.972(2); Miss. As of November 18, 2019: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Expanded Homicide Data Table 14: Justifiable Homicide, by Weapon, Law Enforcement, 20142018, webpage, Crime in the United States 2018, 2019b. It can provide immunity from criminal prosecution. Hemenway, David, and Sara J. Solnick, The Epidemiology of Self-Defense Gun Use: Evidence from the National Crime Victimization Surveys 20072011, Preventive Medicine, Vol. That diversity makes the defensive posture stronger, which makes it easier to defend one's way of life. Lott, John R., Jr., and John E. Whitley, Safe-Storage Gun Laws: Accidental Deaths, Suicides, and Crime,, Lott, John R., Jr., and John E. Whitley, Measurement Error in County-Level UCR Data,, Lott, John R., Jr., and John E. Whitley, Abortion and Crime: Unwanted Children and Out-of-Wedlock Births,. Even Baxley admitted that he didnt think that the legislation was the main reason for this outcome, but said it could be one of several reasons responsible for it. While stand-your-ground laws ostensibly broaden protections from criminal (and, in some cases, civil) liability to all law-abiding citizens acting to defend themselves, some have argued that the application of these laws serves to perpetuate or even exacerbate racial disparities in the criminal justice system because of differences in how black and white defendants are treated in cases claiming a homicide was justified (Roman, 2012). United States Code, Title 18, Chapter 44, Firearms. . Kahan, Dan M., The Politically Motivated Reasoning Paradigm, Part 2: Unanswered Questions, in Robert Scott and Stephen Kosslyn, eds.. Kahan, Dan M., On the Sources of Ordinary Science Knowledge and Extraordinary Science Ignorance, in Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan M. Kahan, and Dietram A. Scheufele, eds., Kahan, Dan M., E. Peters, E. Dawson, and P. Slovic, Motivated Numeracy and Enlightened Self-Government,, Kahane, Leo H., Understanding the Interstate Export of Crime Guns: A Gravity Model Approach,, Kahane, Leo H., State Gun Laws and the Movement of Crime Guns Between States,, Kalesan, Bindu, Kinan Lagast, Marcos Villarreal, Elizabeth Pino, Jeffrey Fagan, and Sandro Galea, School Shootings During 20132015 in the USA,, Kalesan, Bindu, Matthew E. Mobily, Olivia Keiser, Jeffrey A. Fagan, and Sandro Galea, Firearm Legislation and Firearm Mortality in the USA: A Cross-Sectional, State-Level Study,, Kann, L., T. McManus, W. A. Harris, S. L. Shanklin, K. H. Flint, J. Hawkins, B. Reporters found that 72% of the defendants who killed an African-American person faced no penalty for their actions. WikiArms, homepage, undated. Under the doctrine of self-defense, a party who reasonably believes they are threatened with the immediate use of deadly force can legally respond with a proportional amount of force to deter that threat. 21-5222; Ky. Rev. There is also a 31.6% increase in the number of firearm-related homicides. Rostker, Bernard D., Lawrence M. Hanser, William M. Hix, Carl Jensen, Andrew R. Morral, Greg Ridgeway, and Terry L. Schell, Roszko, Paul J. D., Jonathan Ameli, Patrick M. Carter, Rebecca M. Cunningham, and Megan L. Ranney, Clinician Attitudes, Screening Practices, and Interventions to Reduce Firearm-Related Injury,. Law Enforcement Approaches for Reducing Gun Violence, Personal Firearm Storage in the United States, The Challenges of Defining and Measuring Defensive Gun Use, Methodological Challenges to Identifying the Effects of Gun Policies, challenges of defining and measuring defensive gun use, https://www.usconcealedcarry.com/blog/simple-steps-to-safer-home/, https://edhub.ama-assn.org/interactive/17579432, https://www.bulletpointsproject.org/our-mission/, https://www.atf.gov/resource-center/fact-sheet/fact-sheet-facts-and-figures-fiscal-year-2018, https://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=dcdetail&iid=301, https://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=tp&tid=911, https://wonder.cdc.gov/ucd-icd10-expanded.html, https://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/nfirates2001.html, https://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/mortrate10_us.html, https://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/mortrate.html, https://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/leadcaus10_us.html, https://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/nfirates.html, https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/firearms/funded-research.html, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/homicide.htm, https://www.rand.org/pubs/tools/TL283.html, https://www.rand.org/pubs/tools/TL283-1.html, https://www.rand.org/pubs/tools/TLA243-2-v2.html, https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2020/02/20/most-adults-aware-of-2020-census-and-ready-to-respond-but-dont-know-key-details/, https://coloradofirearmsafetycoalition.org/gun-storage-map/, https://causalinf.substack.com/p/callaway-and-santanna-dd-estimator, https://www.dataforprogress.org/blog/2022/8/8/voters-want-increased-gun-safety-and-community-violence-intervention, https://www.everytown.org/solutions/responsible-gun-storage/, http://everytownresearch.org/reports/mass-shootings-analysis/, https://everytownresearch.org/massshootingsreports/mass-shootings-in-america-2009-2019/, https://everytownresearch.org/maps/mass-shootings-in-america/, https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2013/crime-in-the-u.s.-2013/offenses-known-to-law-enforcement/clearances/clearancetopic_final, https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2015/crime-in-the-u.s.-2015, https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2015/crime-in-the-u.s.-2015/tables/expanded_homicide_data_table_8_murder_victims_by_weapon_2011-2015.xls, https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2015/crime-in-the-u.s.-2015/tables/expanded_homicide_data_table_15_justifiable_homicide_by_weapon_private_citizen_2011-2015.xls, https://ucr.fbi.gov/leoka/2015/tables/table_28_leos_fk_type_of_weapon_2006-2015.xls, https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2015/crime-in-the-u.s.-2015/offenses-known-to-law-enforcement/violent-crime/violentcrimemain_final.pdf, https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/active_records_in_the_nics-index.pdf/view, https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2017/crime-in-the-u.s.-2017/topic-pages/expanded-homicide, https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2017/crime-in-the-u.s.-2017/tables/expanded-homicide-data-table-8.xls, https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2017/crime-in-the-u.s.-2017/tables/expanded-homicide-data-table-15.xls, https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2017/crime-in-the-u.s.-2017/tables/table-1, https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2017/crime-in-the-u.s.-2017/tables/table-16, https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2018/crime-in-the-u.s.-2018/tables/expanded-homicide-data-table-3.xls, https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2018/crime-in-the-u.s.-2018/tables/expanded-homicide-data-table-14.xls, https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/federal_denials.pdf/view, https://ucr.fbi.gov/leoka/2018/tables/table-28.xls, https://ucr.fbi.gov/nibrs/2018/tables/data-tables, https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2018/crime-in-the-u.s.-2018/topic-pages/expanded-homicide, https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2019/crime-in-the-u.s.-2019/tables/expanded-homicide-data-table-10.xls, https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2019/crime-in-the-u.s.-2019/tables/expanded-homicide-data-table-8.xls, https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2019/crime-in-the-u.s.-2019/tables/expanded-homicide-data-table-15.xls, https://ucr.fbi.gov/leoka/2019/tables/table-28.xls, https://crime-data-explorer.app.cloud.gov/pages/le/uof, https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2019/crime-in-the-u.s.-2019/tables/table-1, https://crime-data-explorer.app.cloud.gov/pages/explorer/crime/quarterly, http://lawcenter.giffords.org/gun-laws/policy-areas/hardware-ammunition/assault-weapons/, http://lawcenter.giffords.org/search-gun-law-by-state/, http://lawcenter.giffords.org/gun-laws/policy-areas/who-can-have-a-gun/categories-of-prohibited-people/, http://lawcenter.giffords.org/gun-laws/policy-areas/guns-in-public/guns-in-schools/, http://lawcenter.giffords.org/gun-laws/policy-areas/gun-sales/maintaining-records-of-gun-sales/, http://lawcenter.giffords.org/gun-laws/policy-areas/guns-in-public/stand-your-ground-laws/, http://lawcenter.giffords.org/gun-laws/policy-areas/background-checks/universal-background-checks/, http://lawcenter.giffords.org/gun-laws/policy-areas/gun-sales/waiting-periods/, https://lawcenter.giffords.org/gun-laws/policy-areas/guns-in-public/location-restrictions, https://giffords.org/lawcenter/gun-laws/policy-areas/child-consumer-safety/safe-storage/, http://www.gunviolencearchive.org/reports/mass-shooting, http://www.gunviolencearchive.org/past-tolls/, https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/means-matter/gun-shop-project/, https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/faststats/OpioidUseServlet, https://www.nrafamily.org/articles/2021/10/13/6-ways-to-safely-store-your-firearms, https://www.hunter-ed.com/national/studyGuide/Storing-Your-Firearm/201099_92868, http://www.shack.co.nz/pistoltaupo/SSRN_ID272929_code010610560.pdf, https://mdsp.maryland.gov/Organization/Pages/CriminalInvestigationBureau/LicensingDivision/Training/WearandCarryPermit.aspx, https://journalistsresource.org/health/gun-buybacks-what-the-research-says/, https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2088z1.html, http://www.murderdata.org/p/blog-page.html, https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/content/NACJD/guides/ucr.html, https://www.nimh.nih.gov/news/research-highlights/2020/nimh-awards-funding-for-research-on-preventing-firearm-injury-and-mortality, https://www.nraila.org/gun-laws/state-gun-laws, https://projectchildsafe.org/wp-content/uploads/files/PCS_SafeStorage_19.pdf, https://www.nssf.org/articles/nssf-releases-most-recent-firearm-production-figures/, https://www.nssf.org/articles/commonly-owned-nssf-announces-over-24-million-msrs-in-circulation/, https://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/offenders/qa03505.asp?qaDate=2019&text=yes&print=yes&maplink=link2, https://archives.hud.gov/initiatives/buyback/buyback.pdf, https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA243-2.html, https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2088.html, https://www.rand.org/research/gun-policy/analysis/essays/safe-storage.html, https://www.rand.org/research/gun-policy/analysis/child-access-prevention.html, https://www.rand.org/research/gun-policy/analysis/firearm-safety-training-requirements.html, https://www.urban.org/urban-wire/do-stand-your-ground-laws-worsen-racial-disparities, https://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG717.html, https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/at-home/Pages/Handguns-in-the-Home.aspx, https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2685.html, http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1642.html, https://www.rand.org/pubs/tools/TL354.html, https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA243-1.html, https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA243-4.html, https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2088-1.html, https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA243-3.html, https://www.rand.org/research/gun-policy/firearm-injuries.html, https://www.rand.org/pubs/tools/TLA243-4.html, https://library.stanford.edu/projects/mass-shootings-america, https://github.com/StanfordGeospatialCenter/MSA, https://github.com/davidestark/gun-violence-research, http://mikeanestis.weebly.com/ms-gun-storage-map.html, https://www.sprc.org/resources-programs/calm-counseling-access-lethal-means, https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2018/national/police-shootings-2018/, https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/investigations/police-shootings-database/, https://hiprc.org/firearm/firearm-storage-wa/, https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ceseeb1a.htm, https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-national-detail.html, https://www.ncjrs.gov/txtfiles/billfs.txt, https://www.dol.gov/sites/default/files/ebsa/about-ebsa/our-activities/resource-center/fact-sheets/mhpaea.pdf, http://www.usacarry.com/concealed_carry_permit_reciprocity_maps.html, https://www.theviolenceproject.org/mass-shooter-database/, https://firearmslaw.duke.edu/2022/07/new-yorks-response-to-bruen-the-outer-limits-of-the-sensitive-places-doctrine/, http://apps.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/mortality/causeofdeath_query/start.php. #1. Ann. Ann. Stat. 704.1, which states that deadly force may be used even if there is an alternative, if the alternative requires one to retreat from one's dwelling or workplace. This legal doctrine is known as the duty to retreat. Stander, V. A., S. M. Hilton, A. P. Doran, A. D. Werbel, and C. J. Thomsen. Stand Your Ground Law Pros - 633 Words | Internet Public Library Under the doctrine of self-defense, a party who reasonably believes they are threatened with the immediate use of deadly force can legally respond with a proportional amount of force to deter that threat. 704.1; Conn. Gen. Stat. In Stand Your Ground law in Florida, particularly, it is stated that "a person who is not engaged in an unlawful activity and who is attacked in any other place where he or she has a right to be has no duty to retreat and has the right to stand his or her ground and meet force with force, including deadly force, if he or she reasonably believes Bible Commentary Bible Verses Devotionals Faith Prayers Coloring Pages Pros and Cons, 19 Biggest Pros and Cons of Trump Care (Donald Trump Health Care Bill), 50 Biblically Accurate Facts About Angels in the Bible, 50 Most Profitable Youth Group Fundraising Ideas for Your Church, 250 Ice Breaker Questions for Teen Youth Groups, 25 Important Examples of Pride in the Bible, Why Jesus Wept and 11 Lessons from His Tears, 25 Different Ways to Worship God and Praise the Lord. United States Code, Title 20, Section 7961, Gun-Free Schools Act. U.S. Department of Justice, Commentary for Extreme Risk Protection Order Model Legislation, Washington, D.C., June 7, 2021. New York. Loeber, R., and R. Stallings, Modeling the Impact of Interventions on Local Indicators of Offending, Victimization, and Incarceration, in R. Loeber and D. P. Farrington, eds.. Loftin, Colin, and Ellen J. MacKenzie, Building National Estimates of Violent Victimization, paper presented at the National Research Council Symposium on the Understanding and Control of Violent Behavior, Destin, Fla., April 16, 1990. Let's look at the pros and cons. See Ala. Code 13A-3-23(b); Alaska Stat. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, and U.S. Department of Commerce. Swaner, Rachel, Elise White, Andrew Martinez, Anjelica Camacho, Basaime Spate, Javonte Alexander, Lysondra Webb, and Kevin Evans. The pros of joining a fraternity include leadership, social and philanthropic opportunities. W. Va. Ann. Stat. Not every law that extends the castle doctrine to your personal public space provides that coverage. People Are Using It Anyway,. Ann. Even high-ranking officials like Ben Carson suggest that the presence of the laws is intended to allow people to take violent actions. As of December 7, 2021: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Employment Statistics (National), 2017. In most states, this is quite broad, either listing many types of felonies or describing a class of felonies. 4. However, should these policies encourage more individuals to obtain or carry firearms, we might expect increased gun sales, unintentional injuries and deaths, and suicides following passage of the law. Data on homicides, violent crime (including murders specifically), and property crime are readily available. Duty-based theories: pros and cons | Request PDF - ResearchGate As of May 15, 2019: Everytown for Gun Safety Support Fund, "Ten Years of Mass Shootings in the United States: An Everytown for Gun Safety Support Fund Analysis," November 21, 2019. Thats because the design of the law is to protect the people who are attacked without giving immunity or legal benefits to those who are aggressors. Entire communities can be moved . It is easy to forget the reasons why the first stand your ground laws were enacted in the first place. Schell, Terry L., Samuel Peterson, Brian G. Vegetabile, Adam Scherling, Rosanna Smart, and Andrew R. Morral. Charitable remainder trusts (CRTs) serve a variety of functions. B. Hackman, Suicide in the Home in Relation to Gun Ownership,. Hoke, Janna, GRPD Shares Photos of Nearly 300 Guns Collected at Gun Buyback Event, WGRD 97.9, September 20, 2022. A., and C. N. Nugent, Antidepressant Use and Method of Suicide in the United States: Variation by Age and Sex, 19982007,, Phillips, Scott W., Dae-Young Kim, and James J. Sobol, An Evaluation of a Multiyear Gun Buy-Back Programme: Re-Examining the Impact on Violent Crimes,, Phipson, Belinda, and Gordon K. Smyth, Permutation P-Values Should Never Be Zero: Calculating Exact P-Values When Permutations Are Randomly Drawn,. Criminal Justice Information Services Division, National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) Section: Active Records in the NICS Indices as of December 31, 2018, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, December 31, 2018. Helland, E., and A. Tabarrok, Using Placebo Laws to Test More Guns, Less Crime,, Hemenway, David, Survey Research and Self-Defense Gun Use: An Explanation of Extreme Overestimates,, Hemenway, David, and Deborah Azrael, The Relative Frequency of Offensive and Defensive Gun Uses: Results from a National Survey,, Hemenway, David, Deborah Azrael, Andrew Conner, and Matthew Miller, Variation in Rates of Fatal Police Shootings Across U.S. States: The Role of Firearm Availability,, Hemenway, David, Deborah Azrael, and Matthew Miller, Gun Use in the United States: Results from Two National Surveys,, Hemenway, David, Deborah Azrael, and Matthew Miller, Whose Guns Are Stolen? Vince, Joseph J., Timothy Wolfe, and Layton Field, Violano, Pina, Cassandra Driscoll, Neil K. Chaudhary, Kevin M. Schuster, Kimberly A. Davis, Esther Borer, Jane K. Winters, and Michael P. Hirsh, Gun Buyback Programs: A Venue to Eliminate Unwanted Guns in the Community,. Crime Prevention Research Center, Updated: Mass Public Shootings Keep Occurring in Gun-Free Zones: 94% of Attacks Since 1950, June 15, 2018a. 16-3-23.1, 16-3-21; Ind. McClelland, Robert, New Gun and Ammo Taxes Sound Like Promising Ways to Reduce Gun Violence. There is no obligation to find a place to retreat while that person ransacks your place or tries to hunt you down. For one, they have the biggest budget per person in the military (bigger than the Navy). Alternatively, by lowering the legal risks of using deadly force, these laws could encourage the escalation of aggressive encounters, resulting in an overall increase in firearm homicides or injuries. The first cases in their collection came from 2006 and went to July 2013. A built-in . Everytown for Gun Safety Action Fund, Solutions: Secure Gun Storage, webpage, undated. Chapman, S., P. Alpers, K. Agho, and M. Jones, Australias 1996 Gun Law Reforms: Faster Falls in Firearm Deaths, Firearm Suicides, and a Decade Without Mass Shootings,, Chapman, Simon, Philip Alpers, and Michael Jones, Association Between Gun Law Reforms and Intentional Firearm Deaths in Australia, 19792013,, Chapman, S., M. Stewart, P. Alpers, and M. Jones, Fatal Firearm Incidents Before and After Australias 1996 National Firearms Agreement Banning Semiautomatic Rifles,, Chaudri, V., and J. Geanakoplos, A Note on the Economic Rationalization of Gun Control,, Chauhan, P., M. Cerda, S. F. Messner, M. Tracy, K. Tardiff, and S. Galea, Race/Ethnic-Specific Homicide Rates in New York City: Evaluating the Impact of Broken Windows Policing and Crack Cocaine Markets,, Cheng, Cheng, and Mark Hoekstra, Does Strengthening Self-Defense Law Deter Crime or Escalate Violence? Snyder, L. B., and M. A. Hamilton, A Meta-Analysis of U.S. Health Campaign Effects on Behavior: Emphasize Enforcement, Exposure, and New Information, and Beware the Secular Trend, in R. C. Hornik, ed., Sokol, Rebeccah Lyn, Carissa Schmidt, Alison L. Miller, Maureen A. Walton, Marc Zimmerman, Kenneth Resnicow, Rebecca M. Cunningham, and Patrick M. Carter, Motivations for Firearm Possession and Storage Practices Among Urban Young Adults: Differences Between Parents and Non-Parents,, Sorenson, Susan B., Guns in Intimate Partner Violence: Comparing Incidents by Type of Weapon,, Sorenson, Susan B., and Rebecca A. Schut, Nonfatal Gun Use in Intimate Partner Violence: A Systematic Review of the Literature,, Spicer, R. S., and T. R. Miller, Suicide Acts in 8 States: Incidence and Case Fatality Rates by Demographics and Method,, Spitzer, Robert J., Gun Law History in the United States and Second Amendment Rights,, Stallworth, Leo, LAPD Launches Buyback Program Aimed at Getting Ghost Guns off Streets,. Schell, Terry L., Rosanna Smart, and Andrew R. Morral, Schildkraut, Jaclyn, H. Jaymi Elsass, and Kimberly Meredith, Mass Shootings and the Media: Why All Events Are Not Created Equal,, Schleimer, Julia P., Christopher D. McCort, Aaron B. Shev, Veronica A. Pear, Elizabeth Tomsich, Alaina De Biasi, Shani Buggs, Hannah S. Laqueur, and Garen J. Wintemute, Firearm Purchasing and Firearm Violence During the Coronavirus Pandemic in the United States: A Cross-Sectional Study,, Schleimer, Julia P., Mona A. Wright, Aaron B. Shev, Christopher D. McCort, Rameesha Asif-Sattar, Sydney Sohl, Susan L. Stewart, Garen J. Wintemute, and Rose M. C. Kagawa, Alcohol and Drug Offenses and Suicide Risk Among Men Who Purchased a Handgun in California: A Cohort Study,, Schmitt, Eric, President Unveils Gun Buyback Plan,, Schnebly, Stephen M., An Examination of the Impact of Victim, Offender, and Situational Attributes on the Deterrent Effect of Defensive Gun Use: A Research Note,, Schnippel, Kathryn, Sarah Burd-Sharps, Ted R. Miller, Bruce A. Lawrence, and David I. Swedler, Nonfatal Firearm Injuries by Intent in the United States: 20162018 Hospital Discharge Records from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project,, Schnitzer, Patricia G., Heather K. Dykstra, Theodore E. Trigylidas, and Richard Lichenstein, Firearm Suicide Among Youth in the United States, 20042015,, Schnobrich-Davis, J., S. Block, and J. Lupacchino, Analysis of Herman Goldstein Problem-Oriented Policing Awards from 19932017,, Schorr, Robert A., Paul M. Lukacs, and Justin A. Gude, The Montana Deer and Elk Hunting Population: The Importance of Cohort Group, License Price, and Population Demographics on Hunter Retention, Recruitment, and Population Change,, Scott, John, Deborah Azrael, and Matthew Miller, Firearm Storage in Homes with Children with Self-Harm Risk Factors,, Sen, B., and A. Panjamapirom, State Background Checks for Gun Purchase and Firearm Deaths: An Exploratory Study,, Shaffer, J. P., Multiple Hypothesis Testing,, Shah, S., R. E. Hoffman, L. Wake, and W. M. Marine, Adolescent Suicide and Household Access to Firearms in Colorado: Results of a Case-Control Study,, Sharkey, P., G. Torrats-Espinosa, and D. Takyar, Community and the Crime Decline: The Causal Effect of Local Nonprofits on Violent Crime,, Shearer, Hannah E., and Allison S. Anderman, Analyzing Gun-Violence-Prevention Taxes Under Emerging Firearm Fee Jurisprudence,, Shenassa, E. D., S. N. Catlin, and S. L. Buka, Gun Availability, Psychopathology, and Risk of Death from Suicide Attempt by Gun,, Shenassa, E. D., C. Daskalakis, and S. L. Buka, Utility of Indices of Gun Availability in the Community,, Shenassa, E. D., M. L. Rogers, K. L. Spalding, and M. B. Roberts, Safer Storage of Firearms at Home and Risk of Suicide: A Study of Protective Factors in a Nationally Representative Sample,, Sherman, L. W., Police Crackdowns: Initial and Residual Deterrence,, Sherman, L. W., P. R. Gartin, and M. E. Buerger, Hot Spots of Predatory Crime: Routine Activities and the Criminology of Place,, Shi, Wei, and Lung-Fei Lee, The Effects of Gun Control on Crimes: A Spatial Interactive Fixed Effects Approach,, Shumway, Martha, Jennifer Alvidrez, Mark Leary, Deborah Sherwood, Eric Woodard, Emily K. Lee, Heather Hall, Ralph A. Catalano, and James W. Dilley, Impact of Capacity Reductions in Acute Public-Sector Inpatient Psychiatric Services,, Sidebottom, A., and N. Tilley, Improving Problem-Oriented Policing: The Need for a New Model?, Sidman, Elanor A., David C. Grossman, Thomas D. Koepsell, Luann DAmbrosio, John Britt, Evan S. Simpson, Frederick P. Rivara, and Abraham B. Bergman, Evaluation of a Community-Based Handgun Safe-Storage Campaign,, Siegel, Michael, Max Goder-Reiser, Grant Duwe, Michael Rocque, James Alan Fox, and Emma E. Fridel, The Relation Between State Gun Laws and the Incidence and Severity of Mass Public Shootings in the United States, 19762018,, Siegel, Michael, Molly Pahn, Ziming Xuan, Eric Fleegler, and David Hemenway, The Impact of State Firearm Laws on Homicide and Suicide Deaths in the USA, 19912016: A Panel Study,, Siegel, Michael, Molly Pahn, Ziming Xuan, Craig S. Ross, Sandro Galea, Bindu Kalesan, Eric Fleegler, and Kristin A. Goss, Firearm-Related Laws in All 50 US States, 19912016,, Siegel, Michael, Craig S. Ross, and Charles King, Examining the Relationship Between the Prevalence of Guns and Homicide Rates in the USA Using a New and Improved State-Level Gun Ownership Proxy,, Siegel, Michael, Benjamin Solomon, Anita Knopov, Emily F. Rothman, Shea W. Cronin, Ziming Xuan, and David Hemenway, The Impact of State Firearm Laws on Homicide Rates in Suburban and Rural Areas Compared to Large Cities in the United States, 19912016,, Siegel, Michael, Ziming Xuan, Craig S. Ross, Sandro Galea, Bindu Kalesan, Eric Fleegler, and Kristin A. Goss, Easiness of Legal Access to Concealed Firearm Permits and Homicide Rates in the United States,, Silva, Jason R., and Joel A. Capellan, A Comparative Analysis of Media Coverage of Mass Public Shootings: Examining Rampage, Disgruntled Employee, School, and Lone-Wolf Terrorist Shootings in the United States,, Silva, Jason R., and Joel A. Capellan, The Medias Coverage of Mass Public Shootings in America: Fifty Years of Newsworthiness,, Silver, James, William Fisher, and John Horgan, Public Mass Murderers and Federal Mental Health Background Checks,.
